-
1 pass degree
-
2 pass degree
-
3 read
1. I1) learn (teach smb.) to read учиться (научить кого-л.) читать; be (un)able to read (не) уметь читать; he can neither read nor write он не умеет ни читать, ни писать; I've no time (I haven't enough time) to read /for reading/ у меня нет (достаточно) времени, чтобы читать /для чтения/; I've finished reading я дочитал; did he speak extempore or read? он говорил [без подготовки] или читал?2) what does the thermometer (speedometer, etc.) read ? что показывает термометр и т.д.?, какая температура и т.д.?2. II1) read i n some manner read slowly (fluently, softly, intelligibly, indistinctly, monotonously, etc.) читать медленно и т.д.; read aloud out loud/ (просчитать вслух; read word by word читать слово за словом; read at sight читать с листа; read for some time read all day long читать весь, день напролет; she's learning to read now сейчас она учится читать; read far into the night читать /зачитываться/ далека за полночь2) read in some manner the sentence (the passage, etc.) reads oddly /queerly/ это предложение и т.д. странно звучит; the play does not read well эта пьеса при чтении не производит впечатления; the play reads hatter than it acts пьеса читается лучше, чем звучит со сцены; the passage reads thus вот, что гласит этот отрывок; read at some time how does the sentence read now? как теперь звучит /сформулировано/ это предложение?3) read in some manner you must read harder [next term] вам надо больше заниматься [в будущем /следующем/ семестре]3. IIIread smth.1) read a letter (a book, a newspaper, a manuscript, poetry, Shakespeare, etc.) читать письмо и т.д.; read English (German, etc.) читать по-английски и т.д.; he can read several languages он умеет читать на нескольких языках; on the ring one can read these words... на кольце можно прочитать такие слова...; read a will зачитывать завещание; read proofs print. читать /держать, править/ корректуру2) read a lecture (a report, a paper, a sermon, etc.) читать лекцию и т.д.3) the clause reads both ways статьи можно понимать /толковать/ двояко; а rule that reads two different ways правило, которое можно понимать и так, и этак; for "fail", a misprint, read "fall" вкралась опечатка: вместо "fail" читайте "fall"4) read hieroglyphs (Chinese characters, the clock, etc.) разбирать /расшифровывать/ иероглифы и т.д.; read the Morse system знать азбуку Морзе; read a map читать карту; read a piece of music разобрать музыкальную пьесу; а motorist must be able to read traffic signs автомобилист должен уметь разбираться в дорожных знаках; read a riddle разгадать загадку; read dreams толковать /разгадывать/ сны; read smb.'s fortune предсказывать кому-л. судьбу; read smb.'s thought читать чьи-л. мысли; read men's hearts читать в людских сердцах5) the thermometer reads 33° термометр показывает 33; the thermometer reads 70 degrees above freezing point термометр показывает семьдесят градусов выше точки замерзания6) read a thermometer (a barometer, an electric meter, etc.) снимать показания термометра и т.д.; read smb.'s blood pressure измерять кому-л. кровяное давление; read an angle topog. измерить угол7) read history (physics, etc.) изучать историю и т.д.4. IV1) read smth. in some manner read smth. silently (easily, clearly, aloud, etc.) читать что-л. молча и т.д., read smth. over and over снова и снова перечитывать что-л.; read it out loud прочтите это вслух; he cannot read English or German fluently он не умеет бегло читать ни по-английски, ни по-немецки; she reads poetry very well она очень хорошо читает стихи; read smth. at some time I like to read books at night я люблю читать книги ночью; have you read your mail yet? вы уже прочитали свою почту?; few read this author nowadays в наши дни немногие читают этого писателя2) read smth. at some time can the child read the clock yet? ребенок умеет уже узнавать время по часам? || read music at sight читать ноты с листа3) read smth. in some manner I read it differently я это не так понимаю5. Vread smb. smth.1) read smb. a letter (a story, etc.) (просчитать кому-л. письмо и т.д.2) read smb. a lesson (a [severe] lecture) прочитать кому-л. нотацию (сделать [суровое] внушение)6. VIread smth. in some state few will read it dry-eyed немногие прочтут это, не прослезившись7. XI1) be read the boy had been read the story of Cinderella мальчику прочли сказку о Золушке; be read to for some time the invalid is read to for several hours daily больному каждый день читают вслух по нескольку часов; be read by smb. this is largely read by young men эту книгу больше всего читает молодежь2) be read after the will had been read после оглашения завещания; read and aproved заслушано и одобрено (о протоколе, плане и т.п.)3) be read in some manner clause that may be read several ways статья, допускающая несколько толкований; his letters have to be read between the lines его письма следует читать между строк; be read as smth. my silence is not to be read as consent мое молчание нельзя считать согласием /принимать за согласие/8. XVI1) read about /of /smth., smb. read about a disaster (of smb.'s death, of heroes of other days, of his success, etc.) (про)читать о катастрофе и т.д.; I've just been reading about it я как раз об этом только что читал; read from /out of /smth., smb. read from /out of/ a book a) вычитать [что-л.] в книге; б) процитировать что-л. из книги; read from Shakespeare читать из [произведений] Шекспира; read to smb. read to the children читать детям; read to oneself читать про себя; read before smb. read before the class читать перед классом /всему классу/; read at (by) smth. read at meals (at night, etc.) читать за едой и т.д., read by turns читать по очереди || read between the lines читать между строк; read in some place read in bed (in trains, etc.) читать в постели и т.д., read in a certain voice read in a low (in a firm, in a sure, in a clear, etc.) voice читать тихим и т.д. голосом; read with (without) smth. read with [much] enthusiasm (with expression, with poetical rapture, etc.) читать с [большим] энтузиазмом и т.д., read with the lips читать [шевели] губами; the blind read with their fingers слепые читают с помощью пальцев; read without expression читать без [всякого] выражения; read without glasses /spectacles/ читать без очков; read for smth. read for amusement and relaxation читать для развлечения и отдыха; read in smth. read in smb.'s eyes (in smb.'s heart, in smb.'s face, etc.) читать в чьих-л. глазах и т.д.; read in some language read in some foreign language (in Spanish, in Turkish, etc.) читать на каком-л. иностранном языке и т.д.2) read to (in) smth. this ticket reads to Boston в билете сказано "до Бостона"; how does this passage read in the original (in translation)? как звучит этот отрывок в оригинале (в переводе)?3) read for smth. read for an examination (for a degree, for honours, etc.) готовиться к экзамену и т.д.; read for the law учиться на юридическом факультете; read for the Bar готовиться к адвокатуре; read (up)on smth. read (up)on a subject готовиться [к экзамену] по какому-л. предмету9. XVIIIread oneself into some state read oneself hoarse (stupid, blind, etc.) дочитаться до хрипоты и т.д.10. XIX1read like smth. the book reads like a translation (like a novel, like a wild dream, like a threat, like a lie, etc.) книга читается /воспринимается/ как перевод и т.д.; this does not read like a child's composition когда читаешь это сочинение, то не возникает /не создается/ впечатления, что оно написано ребенком; the autobiography reads like a novel эту автобиографию читаешь, как роман11. XX3|| the document (the letter, etc.) reads as follows... документ и т.д. гласит следующее...; the passage quoted (the telegram, etc.) reads as follows... в цитате и т.д. говорится, что...12. XXI11) read smth. to smb. read a story to the children (a letter to one's brother, etc.) (про)читать детям рассказ и т.д.; read the letter to yourself прочтите письмо про себя; read smth., smb. in smth. read smth. in the newspaper (in a book, etc.) (про)читать что-л. в газете и т.д.; read an author in the original читать какого-л. автора в оригинале; read smth. with (without) smth. read English poetry with interest (with intelligence, with appreciation, with expression, etc.) читать английскую поэзию с интересом и т.д.; I can't see to read the name without a light без света я не могу прочитать фамилию; read smth. by (in) a certain light read smth. by candle-light (by noonlight, in twilight, etc.) читать что-л. при свече и т.д.; read smb. to some state read smb. (oneself) to sleep усыпить кого-л. (себя) чтением2) read smth. to smb. read a report to the meeting a) огласить отчет на заседании; б) сделать доклад на собрании; read a sermon to smb. прочесть кому-л. нотацию, давать кому-л. наставления3) read smth. by smth. read a telegram by code расшифровать /прочитать/ телеграмму с помощью кода; read smth. in smth. read smb.'s thoughts (smb.'s open nature, etc.) in his eyes (in his countenance, etc.) читать чьи-л. мысли и т.д. по глазам и т.д.; you can read a person's character in his face по лицу можно определить характер человека; read smb.'s future in tea-leaves = гадать кому-л. на кофейной гуще; read smth. instead of smth. read "of" instead of "for" print. вместо "for" следует читать "of" || read smth. between the lines читать между строк; I could read jealousy between the lines между строк явно проглядывала ревность [, водившая пером автора]; read smth. into smth. видеть что-л. в чем-л.; read sarcasm into a letter усмотреть в письме насмешку; you read too much into the text вы вычитали из текста то, чего в нем нет; we sometimes read our own thoughts into a poet's words мы иногда вкладываем свой собственный смысл в слова поэта; read a compliment into what was meant as a rebuke истолковать как комплимент то, что должно было быть /звучать/ упреком4) read smth. at smth. he's reading physics at Cambridge он в Кембридже изучает физику13. XXIII1 ||| read smb. like a book прекрасно понимать кого-л., видеть кого-л. насквозь14. XXIV1read smth. as smth. read silence as consent (the dark and cloudy sky as the threat of a storm, etc.) рассматривать /считать, толковать/ молчание как согласие и т.д.15. XXV1) read when... (that...) he was reading when I called он читал, когда я позвонил; I've read somewhere that it's not true (that revenge is wild justice, etc.) я где-то читал /прочел/, что это неправда и т.д.2) read that... the paragraph reads to the effect that all men are equal в этом абзаце говорится /провозглашается/, что все люди равны -
4 pass
I1. [pɑ:s] nI1. 1) проход; путьthe guide showed us the pass through the wood - проводник показал нам путь через лес
2) путь, подход, ключ (к чему-л.)3) каналthe government's power to shut and open the passes of trade - полномочия правительства открывать и закрывать каналы торговли
2. проход, узкая улица, переулок; проулок3. ущелье, дефиле, перевал, седловинаthe Pass of Thermopylae - ист. Фермопильское ущелье
the height of the pass is... - высота перевала...
4. 1) воен. стратегическое укрепление, высотаthey defended the pass of the bridge - они обороняли предмостное укрепление
2) форт, крепость в горах5. 1) фарватер, пролив, судоходное русло; судоходный канал2) рыбоход3) редк. брод, переезд ( на реке)6. горн. проход, пропускное отверстие; скат, ходок для людей7. метал. калибр или ручей валка8. горн. топографическая съёмка9. ав.1) неточно рассчитанный заход на посадку2) прохождение, пролёт ( самолёта)close pass - пролёт на небольшом расстоянии, близкий пролёт
II1. переход ( из одного состояния в другое)pass of heat - теплопередача, переход тепла
2. смерть3. карт. пас♢
a pass in review - воен. прохождение торжественным маршем
to gain /to hold, to keep/ the pass - защищать своё дело
to sell the pass - книжн. предать своих сторонников, своё дело и т. п.
2. [pɑ:s] vI1. идти; проходить; проезжатьto see smb. pass - видеть, как кто-то проходит
to pass into [out of] the room - пройти в комнату [выйти из комнаты]
please let me pass - пожалуйста, дайте мне пройти
we passed through the town without stopping - мы проехали через город не останавливаясь
the road passes close to the village - дорога проходит недалеко от деревни
2. 1) проходить мимо, миноватьto pass smb. in the street - встретить кого-л. на улице
did you pass him on the road? - вы не встретили его по дороге?
he has passed the fifty mark - разг. ему перевалило за пятьдесят
2) обгонять (о машине, водителе)3) пройти (мимо), пропустить, прозеватьto pass the stop - пропустить /прозевать/ остановку
3. 1) не обратить внимания, пренебречь (тж. pass by)his rude remark passed without rebuke - его грубое замечание не встретило отпора
I can't pass the matter by without making a protest - я не могу не выразить протеста по этому поводу
2) пройти незамеченным, сойти (тж. pass unheeded, unnoticed или unobserved)the statement was allowed to pass unchallenged - никто не выступал против его заявления; никто ему не возражал
4. 1) проходить (через что-л.), переезжать; пересекать, переправлятьсяto pass an ocean [a desert, a frontier, a range of hills] - пересекать океан [пустыню, границу, горный хребет]
2) перевозить, проводить (через что-л.)the barks passed horses and munitions - на барках перевозили лошадей и снаряжение
a canal sufficient to pass boats of 25 tons - канал, через который могут пройти суда водоизмещением в 25 тонн
3) просовыватьto pass one's hand between iron bars - просунуть руку между железными прутьями
5. 1) передавать (тж. pass over)pass me the butter, please - пожалуйста, передайте мне масло
read the book and pass it to my brother - прочтите книгу и передайте её моему брату
they passed buckets of water from hand to hand - они передавали вёдра с водой из рук в руки
pass the word to reduce the weight of the load - скажите, чтобы уменьшили вес груза
2) спорт. передавать, пасовать3) карт. пасовать, объявлять пас6. 1) (to, into) переходитьto pass to the next item on the agenda - переходить к следующему пункту повестки дня
to pass to smb. - переходить к кому-л.
the manuscript passed into the hands of a specialist - рукопись попала в руки специалиста
to pass to the reserve - воен. переходить в запас
to pass from joy to tears - то радоваться /веселиться/, то плакать
in descending the mountain we passed from snow to rain - спускаясь с горы, мы попали из снега в дождь
hey pass! - иди! (восклицание фокусника, когда вещь якобы должна перейти в другое место)
2) превращаться, переходить из одного состояния в другоеa substance passes from a solid to a liquid state - вещество переходит из твёрдого состояния в жидкое
when water boils it passes into steam - когда вода кипит, она превращается в пар
3) переходить или передаваться по наследству (тж. pass over)his title passed to his eldest son - его титул был унаследован старшим сыном
7. идти, проходить, протекать ( о времени)we have passed the early stage of our work - первый этап нашей работы уже завершён
8. (про)мелькнуть, появитьсяa change passed over his face /countenance/ - он переменился в лице
9. пройти; исчезнуть; прекратиться (тж. pass off)all things must pass - всё преходяще; всё проходит
10. подходить, годитьсяthis part of your article will pass - эта часть вашей статьи пройдёт /годится/
11. происходить, случаться, иметь местоdid you see [hear] what was passing? - вы видели [слышали], что случилось?
12. выхолить за пределы; быть вышеto pass the £1,000 mark - превысить 1000 фунтов
it passes belief /comprehension/ - этому нельзя поверить; это невероятно
he did not pass the limit of his faculties - он не вышел за рамки своих возможностей
the grief that passes show - горе, которое нельзя выразить словами
13. ответить на (какое-л.) действие тем же действием, обменяться (приветствиями, взглядами и т. п.)to pass offices - обменяться услугами /любезностями/
the articles passing between the two countries - товары, которыми обмениваются эти две страны
words passed between them - они поссорились /поругались/
the correspondence that has passed between us - переписка, в которой мы состояли
tell me everything that passed between you - расскажите мне подробно, что произошло между вами
II А1. проводить (время, день и т. п.; тж. pass away)what can we do to pass the time? - как (бы) нам провести время?
2. проводить (щёткой, рукой и т. п.)to pass a hand over one's eye [across one's forehead, through one's hair] - провести рукой по глазам [по лбу, по волосам]
to pass a wet sponge over smth. - а) провести мокрой губкой по чему-л.; б) стереть память о чём-л.; забыть что-л.
he passed a wet sponge over his early life - он постарался забыть /перечеркнуть/ свою прошлую жизнь
3. удовлетворять (требованиям, нормам и т. п.)4. 1) пройти ( испытание)2) выдержать, сдать ( экзамен)to pass exams with distinction /honours/ - сдать экзамены с отличием
to pass master - получить звание магистра, главы колледжа и т. п.
3) ставить ( зачёт); пропустить ( экзаменующегося)don't be afraid, we shall pass you - не бойтесь, мы вам поставим зачёт
5. 1) пройти (цензуру, досмотр и т. п.)2) пропустить (через цензуру и т. п.)he had passed for the press all the sheets of the book - он подписал к печати все листы книги
6. 1) утверждать (план, расход и т. п.)2) принимать (решение, резолюцию, закон и т. п.)to pass a bill [a resolution] - принимать закон [резолюцию]
the majority will pass the bill - законопроект пройдёт большинством голосов
the village was passed to be a township by the Council - совет принял решение считать эту деревню городом
3) быть принятым, получить одобрение (о законе и т. п.)the bill passed the House of Commons - палата общин утвердила законопроект
7. 1) выносить (приговор, решение)to pass sentence upon smb. - вынести приговор кому-л.
the court passed sentence on him today - суд сегодня вынес приговор по его делу
2) быть вынесеннымto pass an opinion on /upon/ smth. - высказать мнение по поводу чего-л.
I can't pass an opinion on your work without examining it thoroughly - я не могу высказать своего мнения о вашей работе, не прочитав её внимательно
to pass censure /criticism, a remark, a comment/ upon smb., smth. - критиковать кого-л., что-л., сделать замечание кому-л., по поводу чего-л.
9. 1) пускать в обращение (деньги, обыкн. фальшивые)he was arrested for passing forged notes - его арестовали за то, что он распространял фальшивые деньги
2) быть в обращении, иметь хождение ( о деньгах)a Bank of England note used to pass anywhere - раньше банкнота Английского банка имела хождение везде
10. (from)1) отходить, уклоняться (от принципов, курса и т. п.)to pass from a course [principle] - отклониться от своего пути /от курса/ [от своих принципов]
2) умереть, отойтиthere has passed from among us a man who held a high position in English literature - от нас ушёл человек, произведения которого занимают значительное место в английской литературе
11. (through) испытывать (лишения, трудности)12. (for) сойти (за кого-л.); слыть (кем-л.)he was forty but he might have passed for younger - ему было сорок, но можно было дать меньше
in this small town he passed for a man of considerable means - в этом маленьком городке он слыл зажиточным человеком
to pass a rope /a cord/ round a pack - обвязать тюк верёвкой
they passed a rope round the calf's hind legs - они связали верёвкой задние ноги телёнка
14. амер. открывать ( ключом)all these doors should be passed with one key - все эти двери должны открываться одним ключом
15. пронзить, проткнуть (кинжалом, шпагой)he passed his sword through his enemy's body - он пронзил своим мечом тело врага
16. делать выпад, нападать ( фехтование)17. спорт. брать ( препятствие)to pass a hurdle - взять /пройти/ барьер
18. делать пассы ( в фокусах)19. юр. изготовить, оформить ( документ)20. плутовать ( в картах)21. мед.1) иметь ( стул)2) испускать ( мочу)to pass urine /water/ - мочиться
22. не объявить выплату ( регулярного дивиденда)to pass a dividend - амер. не назначить дивиденда
concerns which not only passed dividends but went bankrupt - концерны, которые не только не выплатили дивиденды, но и обанкротились
23. выдавать себя за белого (о мулате, квартероне и т. п.); скрывать своё негритянское происхождение♢
to pass by the name of... - быть известным под именем..., называться...
to pass one's word /pledge/ - давать слово /клятву, обещание/
to pass one's word for smb., smth. - поручиться за кого-л., что-л.
no food has passed my lips since the morning - у меня во рту маковой росинки с утра не было
to pass current - а) иметь денежную стоимость; б) быть обычным, общепринятым; в) распространяться как слух
to pass on the torch - передавать знания /традиции/
to pass the time of day - уст. поздороваться
to pass (a) good morning /the compliments of the day/ - уст. пожелать доброго утра, поздороваться
to pass in the checks - сл. умереть
II [pɑ:s] nto pass the buck - амер. сл. свалить ответственность (на кого-л.)
I1. сдача экзамена без отличия2. 1) посредственная оценка; проходной балл, зачёт2) оценка «посредственно» ( 3 балла в фигурном катании)II тк. sing(трудное, критическое) положение или состояниеto bring to pass - совершать; осуществлять
to bring things to a desperate pass - довести до крайности /до бедственного положения/
to come to pass - происходить, случаться
that things should have come to this pass! - как можно было довести это до такого состояния!
things have come to a strange [serious] pass - дела приняли странный [серьёзный] оборот
III1. пасс, движение рук (гипнотизёра, фокусника)2. фокусto perform a pass - сделать /показать/ фокус
3. уст. остроумная выходка, выпад4. спорт. передача; пасflip pass - «подброшенная» передача
to make a pass - а) передавать (мяч), делать передачу; б) нанести удар рапирой
5. выпад ( фехтование)♢
II [pɑ:s] nto make a pass at smb. - а) делать выпад против кого-л.; б) пытаться ухаживать ( за женщиной)
1. 1) пропуск, паспортsecurity pass - пропуск, выданный службой безопасности
he got his pass and health certificate - он получил свой паспорт и справку о состоянии здоровья
2) парольto sell the pass - а) продать пароль ( неприятелю); б) выдать тайну, стать предателем
2. воен.1) разрешение не присутствовать на поверке; отпускной билет; увольнительная2) амер. краткосрочный отпускa soldier on a pass - солдат, имеющий краткосрочный отпуск
3. бесплатный билет; контрамаркаIV [pæs] сокр. от passengerto grant smb. a free pass on the railway - выдать кому-л. бесплатный железнодорожный билет
-
5 go
{gou}
I. 1. отивам, ходя
2. вървя, ходя, минавам
who GOes there? кой e там? кой e? to GO the sbortest way минавам по/вземам най-краткия път
3. движа се, вървя, в движение съм, работя, в действие съм (за механизъм)
бия (за cъpце), в обръщение съм (за пари)
to set GOing пускам в действие, задвижвам
to keep GOing поддържам в действие, вървя си, продължавам
to keep the conversation/fire GOing поддържам разговора/огъня
to keep someone GOing in/with something поддържам/постоянно снабдявам някого с нещо, не оставям някого да му липсва нещо
4. вървя, минавам, напредвам, развивам се, (пре) успявам
how GOes it? how are things GOing? разг. как си? как е (работата)? if all GOes well (with us) ако всичко върви добре, ако не ни се случи нещо (лошо)
the case went for/against him делото бете решено в негова полза/вреда
5. отивам си, вървя си, тръгвам, (за) почвам
we mist GO/be GOing now трябва да си вървим/да тръгваме
they are all gone всички си отидоха
GO! сп. тръгвай! (при стартиране)
be gone! ост. отивай си! махай се! Here GOes! хайде! почваме! there you GO again! пак започна! from tile word GO от самото начало
6. изчезвам, изгубвам се, прен. отивам, свършвам се, изчерпвам се, пропадам, загивам, бивам махнат/отстранен/уволнен
it has/is all gone всичко се свърши, нищо няма вече
all hope is gone изчезна/пропадна всяка надежда
that's the way the money GOes сто как отиват парите
that clause will have to GO тази клауза трябва да се махне
I wish the pain would GO да можеше да престане болката
the car was the first luxury to GO колата беше първият лукс, от който се лишиха
7. пропадам, срутвам се, счупвам се, рухвам, скъсвам се, продънвам се, фалирам
8. минавам (за време)
he has still two months to GO остават му още два месеца
9. звъня, бия, удрям
10. навършвам (години)
be is/has gone forty има/навършил e вече четиридесет (години)
11. вървя, минавам, водя (за път и пр.), простирам се (за планини и пр.), стигам
12. Ставам достатъчио дълъг/голям съм, побирам се, влизам, деля се
the belt won't GO round her waist коланът не става
the plank just GOes across the brook дъската тъкмо стига да се прекоси потокът
делено на - 2 into 6 GOes 3 times - 6 делено на 2 е 3
13. стои, слага се
these books GO on the top shelf тези книги стоят/се слагат на най-горната полица
14. продавам се, харча се, вървя
to be GOing cheap продава се eвтино
that's not dear as things GO това не e скъпо за днешните цени
GOing! GOing! gone! продава се! продава се! продадено! (при търг. придружено от три удара на чукчето)
15. вървя, приемам се, валиден съм, минавам
everything GOes here всичко минава/се приема тук
do British pounds GO here? тук вървят ли английски лири
16. глася, съм (за текст, мелодия и пр.)
this is how the tune GOes ето как e мелодията
17. бивам даден/оставен/завещан, падам се (някому), ставам притежание (to)
victory always GOes to the strong победата винаги e на силния
honours do not always GO to the most deserving невинаги най-достойният получава почестите
18. допринасям, служа, необходим съм
qualities that GO to make a great man качества, необходими, за да бъде човек велик
19. само в pres р има, намира се, дава се, предлага се, сервира се
there is a cold supper GOing downstairs долу има/се сервира студена вечеря
if you hear of any jobs GOing ако чуеш, че има някъде работа
20. съм, ходя, намирам се, живея (в някакво обичайно състояние)
to GO in fear of one's life живея с постоянен страх за живота си
to GO with young бременна съм (за животно)
21. последван от прил. или израз ставам
to GO blind ослепявам
to GO into a faint/a swoon припадам
II. 1. движение
on the GO в движение
2. енергия, предприемчивост, замах, въодушевление, прен. пълна пара
to be full of GO, to have plenty of GO енергичен съм, имам замах
3. опит, удар, замах
to have a GO at something опитвам се да направя нещо
let's have a GO! дай да опитаме! at one GO на един път, с един удар, наведнъж
first GO още от първия опит/път
4. чаша питие
two more GOes of whiskey още две чаши уиски
5. пристъп (но болест) 6. неочакван/неприятен обрат/положение/случка
here's a rum/pretty GO стана тя, каквато стана
that was a near GO едва отървахме кожата
it was a capital GO чудесно стана така
7. сделка, споразумение
is it a GO? съгласен ли си? it is a GO дадено
it's no GO безсмислено/невъзможно e, тая няма да я бъде
high heels are all the GO високите токове ca последна мода/много модерни
the great/the little GO последният/първият изпит за бакалавърска степен в Кеймбридж
to make a GO of сполучвам, успявам, потръгва ми (в брак, предприятие, начинание и пр.)
III. 1. в изправност, изправен
2. моден
3. напредничав
IV. n вид японска игра* * *{gou} v (went {went}; gone {gъn}) 1. отивам, ходя; 2. вървя, хието; 2) подхожда(2) {gou} n (pl goes {gouz}) разг. 1. движение; on the go в движе{3} {gou} а 1. в изправност; изправен; 2. моден; 3. напредничав.{4} {gou} n вид японска игра.* * *ходя; тръгвам; отивам; пристъп; вървя; протичам; движа; движение; замах; енергия; залагам;* * *1. 1 Ставам достатъчио дълъг/голям съм, побирам се, влизам, деля се 2. 1 бивам даден/оставен/завещан, падам се (някому), ставам притежание (to) 3. 1 вървя, минавам, водя (за път и пр.), простирам се (за планини и пр.), стигам 4. 1 вървя, приемам се, валиден съм, минавам 5. 1 глася, съм (за текст, мелодия и пр.) 6. 1 допринасям, служа, необходим съм 7. 1 продавам се, харча се, вървя 8. 1 само в pres р има, намира се, дава се, предлага се, сервира се 9. 1 стои, слага се 10. 2 into 6 goes 3 times 6 делено на 2 е 3 11. 2 последван от прил. или израз ставам 12. 20. съм, ходя, намирам се, живея (в някакво обичайно състояние) 13. all hope is gone изчезна/пропадна всяка надежда 14. be gone! ост. отивай си! махай се! here goes! хайде! почваме! there you go again! пак започна! from tile word go от самото начало 15. be is/has gone forty има/навършил e вече четиридесет (години) 16. do british pounds go here? тук вървят ли английски лири 17. everything goes here всичко минава/се приема тук 18. first go още от първия опит/път 19. go! сп. тръгвай! (при стартиране) 20. going! going! gone! продава се! продава се! продадено! (при търг. придружено от три удара на чукчето) 21. he has still two months to go остават му още два месеца 22. here's a rum/pretty go стана тя, каквато стана 23. high heels are all the go високите токове ca последна мода/много модерни 24. honours do not always go to the most deserving невинаги най-достойният получава почестите 25. how goes it? how are things going? разг. как си? как е (работата)? if all goes well (with us) ако всичко върви добре, ако не ни се случи нещо (лошо) 26. i wish the pain would go да можеше да престане болката 27. i. отивам, ходя 28. if you hear of any jobs going ако чуеш, че има някъде работа 29. ii. движение 30. iii. в изправност, изправен 31. is it a go? съгласен ли си? it is a go дадено 32. it has/is all gone всичко се свърши, нищо няма вече 33. it was a capital go чудесно стана така 34. it's no go безсмислено/невъзможно e, тая няма да я бъде 35. iv. n вид японска игра 36. let's have a go! дай да опитаме! at one go на един път, с един удар, наведнъж 37. on the go в движение 38. qualities that go to make a great man качества, необходими, за да бъде човек велик 39. that clause will have to go тази клауза трябва да се махне 40. that was a near go едва отървахме кожата 41. that's not dear as things go това не e скъпо за днешните цени 42. that's the way the money goes сто как отиват парите 43. the belt won't go round her waist коланът не става 44. the car was the first luxury to go колата беше първият лукс, от който се лишиха 45. the case went for/against him делото бете решено в негова полза/вреда 46. the great/the little go последният/първият изпит за бакалавърска степен в Кеймбридж 47. the plank just goes across the brook дъската тъкмо стига да се прекоси потокът 48. there is a cold supper going downstairs долу има/се сервира студена вечеря 49. these books go on the top shelf тези книги стоят/се слагат на най-горната полица 50. they are all gone всички си отидоха 51. this is how the tune goes ето как e мелодията 52. to be full of go, to have plenty of go енергичен съм, имам замах 53. to be going cheap продава се eвтино 54. to go blind ослепявам 55. to go in fear of one's life живея с постоянен страх за живота си 56. to go into a faint/a swoon припадам 57. to go with young бременна съм (за животно) 58. to have a go at something опитвам се да направя нещо 59. to keep going поддържам в действие, вървя си, продължавам 60. to keep someone going in/with something поддържам/постоянно снабдявам някого с нещо, не оставям някого да му липсва нещо 61. to keep the conversation/fire going поддържам разговора/огъня 62. to make a go of сполучвам, успявам, потръгва ми (в брак, предприятие, начинание и пр.) 63. to set going пускам в действие, задвижвам 64. two more goes of whiskey още две чаши уиски 65. victory always goes to the strong победата винаги e на силния 66. we mist go/be going now трябва да си вървим/да тръгваме 67. who goes there? кой e там? кой e? to go the sbortest way минавам по/вземам най-краткия път 68. бия (за cъpце), в обръщение съм (за пари) 69. вървя, минавам, напредвам, развивам се, (пре) успявам 70. вървя, ходя, минавам 71. движа се, вървя, в движение съм, работя, в действие съм (за механизъм) 72. енергия, предприемчивост, замах, въодушевление, прен. пълна пара 73. звъня, бия, удрям 74. изчезвам, изгубвам се, прен. отивам, свършвам се, изчерпвам се, пропадам, загивам, бивам махнат/отстранен/уволнен 75. минавам (за време) 76. моден 77. навършвам (години) 78. напредничав 79. опит, удар, замах 80. отивам си, вървя си, тръгвам, (за) почвам 81. пристъп (но болест) неочакван/неприятен обрат/положение/случка 82. пропадам, срутвам се, счупвам се, рухвам, скъсвам се, продънвам се, фалирам 83. сделка, споразумение 84. чаша питие* * *go [gou] I. v ( went [went]; gone[gɔn]) 1. отивам; ходя; минавам, вървя, пътешествам; I'll \go and see him in the morning ще отида да го видя утре сутринта; to \go to school ( the theatre, a concert, work) отивам (ходя) на училище (театър, концерт, работа); to \go by train ( bus, plane) отивам (пътувам) с влак (автобус, самолет); to \go on a journey пътувам; to \go places излизам, ходя (на кино и пр.); to \go the shortest way поемам най-краткия път; 2. движа се, в движение съм; работя, в действие съм (за механизъм); бие (за сърце); в обращение е (за пари); the clock won't \go часовникът не работи; how is your car \going? как е колата ти? to \go (at) fifty miles an hour движа се с петдесет мили в час; to set \going задвижвам; to keep \going поддържам в действие; вървя си, продължавам; to keep s.o. \going in ( with) s.th. поддържам (постоянно снабдявам) някого с нещо, не оставям да му липсва нещо; to be \going strong цъфтя, не ми личат годините; 3. вървя, минавам, напредвам, развивам се; (пре)успявам; how \goes it? how are things \going? разг. как си? как вървят работите? it is sure to \go не може да не успее (да не излезе добре), непременно ще успее; he will \go far ( a long way) той ще преуспее, ще стигне далеч; if all \goes well with us ако всичко върви добре, ако не ни се случи нещо (лошо); the case went for ( against) him делото беше решено в негова полза (вреда); to \go ( over) big sl имам голям успех; 4. отивам си, вървя си, тръгвам; (за)почвам; we must \go (be \going) now трябва да си вървим (да тръгваме); they are all \gone всички си отидоха; \go! сп. тръгвай! (при стартиране); be \gone! ост. отивай си, махай се! here \goes! хайде! почваме! \go again! пак захвана! from the word \go от самото начало; 5. изчезвам, изгубвам се, прен. отивам; свършвам се, изчерпвам се; пропадам, загивам; бивам махнат (отстранен, уволнен); the battery has \gone акумулаторът се е изтощил; his hearing ( sight) is \going слухът (зрението) му отслабна; my umbrella is \gone чадърът ми изчезна (я няма); he is \gone пропадна, загина; it has (is) all \gone всичко се свърши, нищо няма вече; all his money \goes on charity всичките му пари отиват за благотворителност; that clause will have to \go тази клауза трябва да се махне; the car was the first luxury to \go колата беше първият лукс, от който се лишиха; drink must \go трябва да оставиш пиенето, пиенето трябва да престане; to \go the way of all things ( flesh) (разг. to \go west) пропадам, умирам; няма го; 6. пропадам, срутвам се, рухвам; скъсвам се; продънвам се; търпя крах; фалирам; in the flood the fence went in three places от наводнението оградата се срути на три места; 7. минава (за време); he has still two weeks to \go остават му още две седмици; 8. звъни, бие, удря; it has just \gone 12 току-що удари (би) 12; how \goes the time? разг. колко е часът? 9. навършвам ( години); she is ( has) \gone fifty тя има вече петдесет (години); 10. развалям се, повреждам се; счупвам се; the clutch on this car has \gone съединителят на тази кола се е повредил; 11. вървя, минавам; водя, стигам, простирам се; the road \goes to the city пътят води до центъра на града; the differences \go deep различията са дълбоки; 12. става, достатъчно дълъг (голям) е; побира се, минава; влиза, дели се; the plank just \goes across the brook дъската тъкмо стига да се прекоси потокът; 8 \goes into 24 three times 24, делено на 8, е три; 13. стои, слага се; these spoons \go in that drawer тези лъжици стоят (се държат) в онова чекмедже; 14. водя се, слагам, спазвам (by); a good rule to \go by добро правило, по което да се водиш (което да следваш); 15. продава се, харчи се, търси се, върви; в обращение е; these bags are \going well тези чанти вървят (се продават добре); that's not expensive as things \go това не е скъпо за днешните цени; the picture went for 200 pounds картината се продаде за 200 лири; \going! \going! \gone! продава се! продава се! продадено! (при търг, придружено от три удара на чукчето); 16. правя (някакво движение, гримаса, шум и пр.); to \go bang разг. трясва, избухва, експлодира; to \go crack разг. пуква, прасва; to \go flop разг. провалям се; to \go smash into s.th. трясвам се в нещо; to \go see-saw люшкам се, неустойчив съм, колебая се; 17. гласи, казва, е (за текст, мелодия и пр.); this is how the tune \goes ето как е мелодията; as the saying \goes както се казва; the story \goes that she has a rich uncle разправят, че тя има богат чичо; 18. бива даден (оставен, завещан), пада се (to); the house went to his son къщата стана собственост на сина му; victory always \goes to the strong победата е винаги на силния; 19. допринася, служи; необходим е; qualities that \go to make a great man качества, необходими за един велик човек; that \goes to make life happier това допринася да стане животът по-щастлив, това прави живота по-щастлив; 20. само в pres p има, намира се, дава се; предлага се, сервира се; there is a cold supper \going downstairs долу има (се сервира) студена вечеря; 21. съм, ходя, намирам се, живея (в някакво обичайно състояние); he \goes bi the name of John наричат го Джон; 22. последван от прилагателно или израз ставам; to \gomad ( crazy) полудявам; to \go bad разваля се (за храна и пр.); to \go ape ( over) подлудявам, лудвам, откачам, луд съм (по); to \go bankrupt банкрутирам, фалирам; to \go cold all over цял изстивам (изтръпвам); to \go into a faint ( a swoon) припадам; to \go to pieces рухвам (и прен.); to \go to ruin разрушавам се, рухвам; to \go to the bad пропадам морално; 23. само в progr forms изразява: 1) близко бъдеще; do you think it's \going to rain? мислиш ли, че ще вали? 2) намерение; are you \going to tell him or not? имаш ли намерение да му казваш или не? 3) решителност; I'm not \going to be deceived няма да позволя да ме (из)мамят; 24. c ger: 1) ходя, отивам да, вземам да (изразява неудоволствие от някаква постъпка или навик); don't \go telling me lies да не вземеш да ме лъжеш; 2) ходя (на ски, лов и пр.); to \go shopping ( swimming) отивам да пазарувам (плувам); to \go begging тръгвам (отивам) на просия, прен. не се харчи (търси), никой го не ще; 25. c and и друг глагол вземам, та ( неодобр.); she went and got married тя взе, та се ожени; 26. карти залагам; обявявам; to \go the limit прен. прекалявам го, отивам много далеч; to \go the whole hog прен. отивам докрай; to \go one better надминавам ( than); превъзхождам; изпреварвам; отивам по-далеч; • to \go flop sl претърпявам поражение, провалям се, не успявам; to \go all out sl напрягам всички сили; to \go it sl отдавам се на живот, живея си; to \go it alone ам. действам сам срещу всички; поемам цялата отговорност; to \go at it bald-headed действам енергично, решително; \go it! разг. хайде де, покажи какво можеш! to \go a long way има голямо значение (влияние); трае дълго; свършва много работа; to be \going some sl напредвам бързо; to \go o.'s own gait вървя по собствения си път, действам самостоятелно; tо let \go (от)пускам; to let o.s. \go отпускам се; to let o.s. \go on a subject разпростирам се (говоря надълго и нашироко) по даден въпрос; to \go west разг. умирам, отивам на онзи свят; well, let it \go at that хайде, нека мине; така да бъде; от мен да мине; \go fly a kite ( jump in the lake, lay an egg, lay a brick) грубо я не се бъркай! изчезвай! върви по дяволите! you can \go hang може да вървиш по дяволите; just \go and try! само се опитай! ( заканително); \go to bye-bye! дет. върви да спинкаш (нанкаш)! \go while the \going is good върви си, докато е време (по живо по здраво); as far as it \goes такъв, какъвто е, докъдето стига; there he ( she) \goes ето го (я), полюбувай му (ѝ) се (изразява учудване или неодобрение); it \goes without saying от само себе си се разбира, не ще и дума; what he says \goes каквото той каже, това става; той заповядва (командва); where do we \go from here? какво ще правим после? а, сега накъде? II. n разг. (pl goes [gouz]) 1. движение; ход; on the \go в движение; 2. енергия, въодушевление, стръв, предприемчивост, замах; to be full of \go, to have plenty of \go пълен съм с енергия; 3. опит, удар, замах; to have a \go at s.th. опитвам се да направя нещо; let's have a \go! дай да опитаме! at one \go на един път, с един удар; first \go още от първия път; 4. порция (чаша) питие; глътка; 5. пристъп, припадък (на болест); 6. непредвидено положение (случка); неочакван обрат; it was a near \go едва отървахме кожата; 7. успех, успешно предприятие; to make a \go of успявам в, правя да преуспее; • to be on the \go 1) готвя се да си ходя (да си вървя, да тръгвам); 2) на крак съм; в движение съм, зает съм; върша нещо; 3) sl пийнал съм; ( it's) no \go нищо не става, не върви, безсмислено е; безнадеждно е; it's a \go става, решено е, договорихме се; quite the \go последен вик на модата, нещо по което всички се увличат; the little \go първият изпит за бакалавърска степен при хуманитарните науки (в Кембридж); it's your \go твой ред е; it's all \go разг. претрупан съм с работа, много съм зает; to give s.o. (s.th.) the \go-by sl пренебрегвам, игнорирам някого (нещо). -
6 Abel, Sir Frederick August
[br]b. 17 July 1827 Woolwich, London, Englandd. 6 September 1902 Westminster, London, England[br]English chemist, co-inventor of cordite find explosives expert.[br]His family came from Germany and he was the son of a music master. He first became interested in science at the age of 14, when visiting his mineralogist uncle in Hamburg, and studied chemistry at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in London. In 1845 he became one of the twenty-six founding students, under A.W.von Hofmann, of the Royal College of Chemistry. Such was his aptitude for the subject that within two years he became von Hermann's assistant and demonstrator. In 1851 Abel was appointed Lecturer in Chemistry, succeeding Michael Faraday, at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and it was while there that he wrote his Handbook of Chemistry, which was co-authored by his assistant, Charles Bloxam.Abel's four years at the Royal Military Academy served to foster his interest in explosives, but it was during his thirty-four years, beginning in 1854, as Ordnance Chemist at the Royal Arsenal and at Woolwich that he consolidated and developed his reputation as one of the international leaders in his field. In 1860 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, but it was his studies during the 1870s into the chemical changes that occur during explosions, and which were the subject of numerous papers, that formed the backbone of his work. It was he who established the means of storing gun-cotton without the danger of spontaneous explosion, but he also developed devices (the Abel Open Test and Close Test) for measuring the flashpoint of petroleum. He also became interested in metal alloys, carrying out much useful work on their composition. A further avenue of research occurred in 1881 when he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission set up to investigate safety in mines after the explosion that year in the Sealham Colliery. His resultant study on dangerous dusts did much to further understanding on the use of explosives underground and to improve the safety record of the coal-mining industry. The achievement for which he is most remembered, however, came in 1889, when, in conjunction with Sir James Dewar, he invented cordite. This stable explosive, made of wood fibre, nitric acid and glycerine, had the vital advantage of being a "smokeless powder", which meant that, unlike the traditional ammunition propellant, gunpowder ("black powder"), the firer's position was not given away when the weapon was discharged. Although much of the preliminary work had been done by the Frenchman Paul Vieille, it was Abel who perfected it, with the result that cordite quickly became the British Army's standard explosive.Abel married, and was widowed, twice. He had no children, but died heaped in both scientific honours and those from a grateful country.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGrand Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1901. Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath 1891 (Commander 1877). Knighted 1883. Created Baronet 1893. FRS 1860. President, Chemical Society 1875–7. President, Institute of Chemistry 1881–2. President, Institute of Electrical Engineers 1883. President, Iron and Steel Institute 1891. Chairman, Society of Arts 1883–4. Telford Medal 1878, Royal Society Royal Medal 1887, Albert Medal (Society of Arts) 1891, Bessemer Gold Medal 1897. Hon. DCL (Oxon.) 1883, Hon. DSc (Cantab.) 1888.Bibliography1854, with C.L.Bloxam, Handbook of Chemistry: Theoretical, Practical and Technical, London: John Churchill; 2nd edn 1858.Besides writing numerous scientific papers, he also contributed several articles to The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1875–89, 9th edn.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, 1912, Vol. 1, Suppl. 2, London: Smith, Elder.CMBiographical history of technology > Abel, Sir Frederick August
-
7 Ehrlich, Paul
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 14 March 1854 Strehlen, Silesia, Germanyd. 20 August 1915 Homburg, Saarland, Germany[br]German medical scientist who laid the foundations of intra-vital staining in histology, and of chemotherapy.[br]After studying medicine at a number of schools in Germany, Ehrlich graduated from Leipzig in 1878. After some years at the Charite in Berlin, an attack of tuberculosis compelled a three-year sojourn in Egypt for treatment. Upon his return in 1890, he was invited by Koch to work at the new Institute for Infectious Diseases. There he commenced his work on immunity, having already, while a student, discovered the mast cells in the blood (1877) and then developed the techniques of differential staining which identified the other white cells of the blood. In 1882 he established the diazo reaction in the urine of typhoid patients, and in the same year he identified the acid-fast staining reactions of the tubercle bacillus. He then moved to the study of immunity in infectious disease, which led him to the search for synthetic chemical substances which would act on the causative organism without harming the patient's tissue. The outcome of his specific investigation of syphilis was the discovery of the first two specific chemotherapeutic agents: salvarsan (being the 606th compound to be tested); and the later, but less toxic, neosalvarsan (the 909th). In 1896 he became Director of the State Institute for Serum Research, and in 1906 Director of the new Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy at Frankfurt-am-Main. He received numerous awards and honours from governments and learned societies.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology (jointly with E.Metchnikov) 1908.Bibliography1879, "Beiträge für Kentnis der granulierten Bindegewabszellen und der Eosinophilen Leucocythen" Arch. Anat. Physiol. Abt.1914, Paul Ehrlich: eine Darstellung seines wissenschaftlichen Wirkens, Festschrift zum60. Geburtstage des Forschers.Further ReadingM.Marquardt, 1924, Paul Ehrlich als Mensch und Arbeiter.MG -
8 Johnson, Percival Norton
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 29 September 1792 London, Englandd. 1 June 1866 Stoke Fleming, Devon, England[br]English chemist, assayer, mining engineer and founder of the firm Johnson Matthey.[br]He was the son of John Johnson, then sole Commercial Assayer in London, from whom he inherited his aptitude for chemistry and metallurgy. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to his father by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths. Ore samples then being analysed in Johnson's office introduced him to the new metal platinum, and resulted in a paper to Philosophical Magazine in 1812. Johnson established himself as a "practical mineralogist" in Maiden Lane, London, in 1818 and in Hatton Garden after 1822. He was greatly assisted by a fellow metallurgist, Thomas Cock (1787–1842), who developed the platinum fabrication and pigment sides of die business. In 1827 Johnson was consulted by the Russian government about the exploitation of the rich platinum deposits that had been discovered in the Urals in 1819. Between 1829 and 1832 Johnson became the first in England to manufacture nickel, extracted from nickel-bearing material imported from Germany at his plant at Bow Common on the Regent's Canal. In 1832 he began to réfine gold imported from the Imperial Brazilian Association by a process which separated without loss the metals silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium and iridium. This profitable activity continued until the Brazilian company was wound up in 1852. Since 1824, Johnson had been named "assay master" by a number of mining companies. From 1843 until the mid-1850s he had a considerable mining interest in the West Country. Meanwhile, the Hatton Garden establishment continued to prosper. In 1839 he was joined by George Matthey, who particularly fostered the Russian platinum business, and in 1851 he was taken unto partnership and the firm became the celebrated Johnson Matthey. In the following year the firm was officially recognized as one of the four Assayers to the Bank of England appointed to handle the flood of gold dust then arriving in England from the Australian gold fields. Soon after, however, ill health compelled him to retire to his Devon country house.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1846.Bibliography1812, "Experiments which prove platina, when combined with gold and silver, to be soluble in nitric acid", Philosophical Magazine (1st series) 40(171):3–4.Further ReadingD.McDonald, 1951, Percival Norton Johnson, London: Johnson Matthey (includes lists of his publications and his honours and awards).——1964, The Johnsons of Morden Lane, London: Martins.——1960, A History of Platinum, London: Johnson Matthey.ASDBiographical history of technology > Johnson, Percival Norton
-
9 pass
1.[pɑːs]noun1) (passing of an examination) bestandene Prüfungget a pass in maths — die Mathematikprüfung bestehen
‘pass’ — (mark or grade) Ausreichend, das
2) (written permission) Ausweis, der; (for going into or out of a place also) Passierschein, der; (Mil.): (for leave) Urlaubsschein, der; (for free transportation) Freifahrschein, der; (for free admission) Freikarte, die3) (critical position) Notlage, diethings have come to a pretty pass [when...] — es muss schon weit gekommen sein[, wenn...]
make a pass to a player — [den Ball] zu einem Spieler passen (fachspr.) od. abgeben
5)make a pass at somebody — (fig. coll.): (amorously) jemanden anmachen (ugs.)
6) (in mountains) Pass, der2. intransitive verb1) (move onward) [Prozession:] ziehen; [Wasser:] fließen; [Gas:] strömen; (fig.) [Redner:] übergehen (to zu)pass further along or down the bus, please! — bitte weiter durchgehen!
let somebody pass — jemanden durchlassen od. passieren lassen
3) (be transported, lit. or fig.) kommenpass into history/oblivion — in die Geschichte eingehen/in Vergessenheit geraten
the title/property passes to somebody — der Titel/Besitz geht auf jemanden über
4) (change) wechselnpass from one state to another — von einem Zustand in einen anderen übergehen
5) (go by) [Fußgänger:] vorbeigehen; [Fahrer, Fahrzeug:] vorbeifahren; [Prozession:] vorbeiziehen; [Zeit, Sekunde:] vergehen; (by chance) [Person, Fahrzeug:] vorbeikommenlet somebody/a car pass — jemanden/ein Auto vorbeilassen (ugs.)
6) (be accepted as adequate) durchgehen; hingehenlet it/the matter pass — es/die Sache durch- od. hingehen lassen
7) (come to an end) vorbeigehen; [Fieber:] zurückgehen; [Ärger, Zorn, Sturm:] sich legen; [Gewitter, Unwetter:] vorüberziehen10) (satisfy examiner) bestehen11) (Cards) passen3. transitive verbpass! — [ich] passe!
1) (move past) [Fußgänger:] vorbeigehen an (+ Dat.); [Fahrer, Fahrzeug:] vorbeifahren an (+ Dat.); [Prozession:] vorbeiziehen an (+ Dat.)2) (overtake) vorbeifahren an (+ Dat.) [Fahrzeug, Person]3) (cross) überschreiten [Schwelle, feindliche Linien, Grenze, Marke]4) (reach standard in) bestehen [Prüfung]5) (approve) verabschieden [Gesetzentwurf]; annehmen [Vorschlag]; [Zensor:] freigeben [Film, Buch, Theaterstück]; bestehen lassen [Prüfungskandidaten]6) (be too great for) überschreiten, übersteigen [Auffassungsgabe, Verständnis]7) (move) bringen8) (Footb. etc.) abgeben (to an + Akk.)9) (spend) verbringen [Leben, Zeit, Tag]10) (hand)pass somebody something — jemandem etwas reichen od. geben
would you pass the salt, please? — gibst od. reichst du mir bitte das Salz?
11) (utter) fällen, verkünden [Urteil]; machen [Bemerkung]12) (discharge) lassen [Wasser]Phrasal Verbs:- academic.ru/53812/pass_away">pass away- pass by- pass for- pass off- pass on- pass out- pass up* * *1. verb1) (to move towards and then beyond (something, by going past, through, by, over etc): I pass the shops on my way to work; The procession passed along the corridor.) vorbeigehen2) (to move, give etc from one person, state etc to another: They passed the photographs around; The tradition is passed (on/down) from father to son.) weitergeben3) (to go or be beyond: This passes my understanding.) übersteigen4) ((of vehicles etc on a road) to overtake: The sports car passed me at a dangerous bend in the road.) überholen6) ((of an official group, government etc) to accept or approve: The government has passed a resolution.) annehmen7) (to give or announce (a judgement or sentence): The magistrate passed judgement on the prisoner.) fällen8) (to end or go away: His sickness soon passed.) vorübergehen9) (to (judge to) be successful in (an examination etc): I passed my driving test.) bestehen2. noun1) (a narrow path between mountains: a mountain pass.) der Paß2) (a ticket or card allowing a person to do something, eg to travel free or to get in to a building: You must show your pass before entering.) der Paß3) (a successful result in an examination, especially when below a distinction, honours etc: There were ten passes and no fails.) das Bestehen4) ((in ball games) a throw, kick, hit etc of the ball from one player to another: The centre-forward made a pass towards the goal.) der Paß•- passable- passing
- passer-by
- password
- in passing
- let something pass
- let pass
- pass as/for
- pass away
- pass the buck
- pass by
- pass off
- pass something or someone off as
- pass off as
- pass on
- pass out
- pass over
- pass up* * *[pɑ:s, AM pæs]I. NOUN<pl -es>the Khyber \pass der Khaiberpassmountain \pass [Gebirgs]pass mthe magician made some \passes with his hands over her body der Zauberer fuhr mit der Hand mehrmals über ihren Körper4. planeto make a \pass over sth über etw akk fliegenthe aircraft flew low in a \pass over the ski resort das Flugzeug flog sehr tief über das Skigebiet hinwegstudents just get a \pass or fail in these courses in diesen Kursen können die Studenten nur entweder bestehen oder durchfallento achieve grade A \passes nur Einser bekommento get/obtain a \pass in an exam eine Prüfung bestehen7. (permit) Passierschein m; (for a festival) Eintritt m, Eintrittskarte f; (for public transport) [Wochen-/Monats-/Jahres-]karte fonly people with a \pass are allowed to enter the nuclear power station nur Personen mit einem entsprechenden Ausweis dürfen das Kernkraftwerk betretenfree \pass Freikarte fdisabled people have a free \pass for the public transport system Behinderte können die öffentlichen Verkehrsmittel kostenlos benutzenthis is a \pass — we can't get back into the hotel da haben wir uns ja was Schönes eingebrockt — wir können nicht ins Hotel zurück famit has come to a pretty \pass when... es ist schon weit gekommen, wenn...to reach a \pass außer Kontrolle geraten, ausufernII. TRANSITIVE VERB1. (go past)if you \pass a supermarket, can you get me some milk? würdest du mir Milch mitbringen, wenn du bei einem Supermarkt vorbeikommst?2. (overtake)▪ to \pass sb/sth jdn/etw überholen3. (cross)to \pass a frontier eine Grenze überquerennot a word \passed his lips kein Wort kam über seine Lippen4. (exceed)▪ to \pass sth:it \passes all belief that... es ist doch wirklich nicht zu fassen, dass...don't buy goods which have \passed their sell-by date kauf keine Waren, deren Verfallsdatum bereits abgelaufen istto \pass a limit eine Grenze überschreitento \pass the time limit das Zeitlimit überschreitenI'm sorry, you've \passed the time limit es tut mir leid, aber Sie haben überzogen5. (hand to)▪ to \pass sth to sb [or sb sth] jdm etw geben, jdm etw [herüber]reichen bes geh; (bequeath to) jdm etw vererbencould you \pass the salt please? könntest du mir bitte mal das Salz geben?▪ to be \passed to sb auf jdn [o in jds Besitz] übergehenthe responsibility was gradually \passed to the British government die Verantwortung wurde nach und nach der britischen Regierung übertragen6. (put into circulation)to \pass money Geld in Umlauf bringenshe was caught trying to \pass forged five pound notes sie wurde dabei erwischt, als sie versuchte, mit gefälschten Fünfpfundnoten zu bezahlen7. SPORTto \pass the ball den Ball abgeben [o abspielen]to \pass the ball to sb jdm den Ball zuspielenthe baton was \passed smoothly der Stab wurde sauber übergeben8. (succeed)to \pass an exam/a test eine Prüfung/eine Arbeit bestehento \pass muster akzeptabel sein9. (of time)to \pass one's days/holiday [or AM vacation] /time doing sth seine Tage/Ferien/Zeit mit etw dat verbringento \pass the time sich dat die Zeit vertreibento \pass the time of day with sb jdn [nur] kurz grüßenI just wanted to \pass the time of day with her, but... ich wollte wirklich nur kurz guten Tag sagen und ein wenig mit ihr plaudern, doch...to \pass a motion einen Antrag genehmigen“motion \passed by a clear majority” „Antrag mit deutlicher Mehrheit angenommen“to \pass a resolution eine Resolution verabschiedenthe resolution was \passed unanimously die Resolution wurde einstimmig angenommento \pass sb/sth as fit [or suitable] jdn/etw [als] geeignet erklärenmeat \passed as fit for human consumption Fleisch, das für den Verzehr freigegeben wurdehe was \passed fit for military service er wurde für wehrdiensttauglich erklärtthe censors \passed the film as suitable for children die Zensurstelle gab den Film für Kinder frei11. (utter)to \pass a comment einen Kommentar abgebento \pass a comment on sb eine Bemerkung über jdn machento \pass judgement on sb/sth ein Urteil über jdn/etw fällen, über jdn/etw ein Urteil abgebento \pass one's opinion seine Meinung sagento \pass a remark eine Bemerkung machenshe's been \passing remarks about me behind my back sie ist hinter meinem Rücken über mich hergezogento \pass sentence [on sb] LAW das Urteil [über jdn] fällento \pass blood Blut im Stuhl/Urin habento \pass faeces Kot ausscheidento \pass urine urinierento \pass water Wasser lassen13. FINto \pass a dividend eine Dividende ausfallen lassen14.▶ to \pass the buck to sb/sth ( fam) die Verantwortung auf jdn/etw abwälzen fam, jdm/etw den Schwarzen Peter zuschieben famIII. INTRANSITIVE VERB1. (move by) vorbeigehen, vorbeilaufen, vorbeikommen; road vorbeiführen; parade vorbeiziehen, vorüberziehen; car vorbeifahrenwe often \passed on the stairs wir sind uns oft im Treppenhaus begegnetthe Queen \passed among the crowd die Königin mischte sich unter die Mengethe bullet \passed between her shoulder blades die Kugel ging genau zwischen ihren Schulterblättern durchif you \pass by a chemist... wenn du an einer Apotheke vorbeikommst...a momentary look of anxiety \passed across his face ( fig) für einen kurzen Moment überschattete ein Ausdruck der Besorgnis seine Mieneto \pass out of sight außer Sichtweite geratento \pass unnoticed unbemerkt bleiben▪ to \pass under sth unter etw dat hindurchgehen; (by car) unter etw dat hindurchfahren; road unter etw dat hindurchführen2. (overtake) überholen3. (enter) eintreten, hereinkommenmay I \pass? kann ich hereinkommen?that helps prevent fats \passing into the bloodstream das verhindert, dass Fette in die Blutbahn gelangento allow sb to [or let sb] \pass jdn durchlassenthey shall not \pass! sie werden nicht durchkommen! (Kampfruf der Antifaschisten)4. (go away) vergehen, vorübergehen, vorbeigehenit'll soon \pass das ist bald vorüberI felt a bit nauseous, but the feeling \passed mir war ein bisschen schlecht, aber das ging auch wieder vorbeifor a moment she thought she'd die but the moment \passed für einen kurzen Moment lang dachte sie, sie würde sterbenI let a golden opportunity \pass ich habe mir eine einmalige Gelegenheit entgehen lassen5. (change)wax \passes from solid to liquid when you heat it beim Erhitzen wird festes Wachs flüssigthe water \passes from a liquid state to a solid state when frozen Wasser wird fest, wenn es gefriert6. (transfer)all these English words have \passed into the German language all diese englischen Wörter sind in die deutsche Sprache eingegangento \pass into oblivion in Vergessenheit geraten7. (exchange)no words have \passed between us since our divorce seit unserer Scheidung haben wir kein einziges Wort miteinander gewechseltthe looks \passing between them suggested that... die Blicke, die sie miteinander wechselten, ließen darauf schließen, dass...greetings were \passed between them sie begrüßten sichhe \passed at the fifth attempt er bestand die Prüfung im fünften Anlauf10. (go by) time vergehen, verstreichenthe evening \passed without incident der Abend verlief ohne Zwischenfälle11. (not answer) passen [müssen]\pass — I don't know the answer ich passe — ich weiß es nichtthe contestant \passed on four questions der Wettbewerbsteilnehmer musste bei vier Fragen passen12. (forgo)13. (be accepted as)I don't think you'll \pass as 18 keiner wird dir abnehmen, dass du 18 bistdo you think this jacket and trousers could \pass as a suit? meinst du, ich kann diese Jacke und die Hose als Anzug anziehen?he could \pass as a German in our new film für unseren neuen Film könnte er als Deutscher durchgehen14. CARDS passen15. ( old)and it come to \pass that... und da begab es sich, dass...* * *[pAːs]1. na free pass — eine Freikarte; (permanent) ein Sonderausweis m
to get a pass in German — seine Deutschprüfung bestehen; (lowest level) seine Deutschprüfung mit "ausreichend" bestehen
3) (GEOG, SPORT) Pass m; (FTBL, for shot at goal) Vorlage f5) (= movement by conjurer, hypnotist) Bewegung f, Geste fthe conjurer made a few quick passes with his hand over the top of the hat — der Zauberer fuhr mit der Hand ein paar Mal schnell über dem Hut hin und her
the text had a special hyphenation pass — der Text wurde eigens in Bezug auf Silbentrennung überprüft
6)things had come to such a pass that... — die Lage hatte sich so zugespitzt, dass...
things have come to a pretty pass when... — so weit ist es schon gekommen, dass...
7)8) (AVIAT)on its fourth pass over the area the plane was almost hit —
the pilot made two passes over the landing strip before deciding to come down — der Pilot passierte die Landebahn zweimal, ehe er sich zur Landung entschloss
2. vt1) (= move past) vorbeigehen/-fahren/-fliegen an (+dat)2) (= overtake) athlete, car überholen4) (= reach, hand) reichenpass (me) the salt, please —
the characteristics which he passed to his son — die Eigenschaften, die er an seinen Sohn weitergab
5)it passes my comprehension that... —
love which passes all understanding — Liebe, die jenseits allen Verstehens liegt
7)9) (SPORT)you should learn to pass the ball and not hang on to it — du solltest lernen abzuspielen, statt am Ball zu kleben
10) forged bank notes weitergeben11)he passed his hand across his forehead — er fuhr sich (dat) mit der Hand über die Stirn
he passed a chain around the front axle — er legte eine Kette um die Vorderachse
12) (= spend) time verbringenhe did it just to pass the time — er tat das nur, um sich (dat) die Zeit zu vertreiben
14) (= discharge) excrement, blood absondern, ausscheiden3. vi1) (= move past) vorbeigehen/-fahrenthe street was too narrow for the cars to pass — die Straße war so eng, dass die Wagen nicht aneinander vorbeikamen
we passed in the corridor —
2) (= overtake) überholen3)(= move, go)
no letters passed between them — sie wechselten keine Briefeif you pass by the grocer's... —
the procession passed down the street —
as we pass from feudalism to more open societies — beim Übergang vom Feudalismus zu offeneren Gesellschaftsformen
the virus passes easily from one person to another —
people were passing in and out of the building — die Leute gingen in dem Gebäude ein und aus
expressions which have passed into/out of the language — Redensarten, die in die Sprache eingegangen sind/aus der Sprache verschwunden sind
to pass into history/legend — in die Geschichte/Legende eingehen
to pass out of sight —
he passed out of our lives — er ist aus unserem Leben verschwunden
everything he said just passed over my head — was er sagte, war mir alles zu hoch
I'll just pass quickly over the main points again —
shall we pass to the second subject on the agenda? — wollen wir zum zweiten Punkt der Tagesordnung übergehen?
the crown always passes to the eldest son —
he passed under the archway — er ging/fuhr durch das Tor
5) (= disappear, end anger, hope, era etc) vorübergehen, vorbeigehen; (storm) (= go over) vorüberziehen; (= abate) sich legen; (rain) vorbeigehen6) (= be acceptable) gehenlet it pass! — vergiss es!, vergessen wirs!
7) (= be considered, be accepted) angesehen werden (for or as sth als etw)this little room has to pass for an office —
did you pass in chemistry? — hast du deine Chemieprüfung bestanden?
to pass to sb — jdm zuspielen, an jdn abgeben
11) (old= happen)
to come to pass — sich begebenand it came to pass in those days... — und es begab sich zu jener Zeit...
12) (US euph = die) sterben* * *A v/tb) Tennis: jemanden passieren3. fig übergehen, -springen, keine Notiz nehmen von5. eine Schranke, ein Hindernis passieren6. durch-, überschreiten, durchqueren, -reiten, -reisen, -ziehen, passieren:pass a river einen Fluss überqueren7. durchschneiden (Linie)8. a) ein Examen bestehenc) etwas durchgehen lassen9. fig hinausgehen über (akk), übersteigen, -schreiten, -treffen:just passing seventeen gerade erst siebzehn Jahre althe passed his hand over his forehead er fuhr sich mit der Hand über die Stirn11. (durch ein Sieb) passieren, durchseihen12. vorbei-, durchlassen, passieren lassen13. Zeit ver-, zubringen:15. übersenden, auch einen Funkspruch befördernto zu):pass the ball auch abspielen19. abgeben, übertragen:pass the chair den Vorsitz abgeben ( to sb an jemanden)20. rechtskräftig machen21. (als gültig) anerkennen, gelten lassen, genehmigen22. (on, upon) eine Meinung äußern (über akk), eine Bemerkung fallen lassen oder machen, einen Kommentar geben (zu), ein Kompliment machen:pass criticism on Kritik üben an (dat);on, upon über akk)24. MEDa) Eiter, Nierensteine etc ausscheidenb) den Darm entleerenc) Wasser lassen25. ein Türschloss öffnenB v/i2. vorbei-, vorübergehen, -fahren, -ziehen etc (by an dat), AUTO überholen:let sb pass jemanden vorbei- oder durchlassenit has just passed through my mind fig es ist mir eben durch den Kopf gegangen4. übergehen (to auf akk; into the hands of in die Hände gen), übertragen werden (to auf akk), fallen (to an akk):it passes to the heirs es geht auf die Erben über, es fällt an die Erben5. durchkommen, (die Prüfung) bestehen6. übergehen:pass from a solid (in)to a liquid state vom festen in den flüssigen Zustand übergehenthe pain will pass der Schmerz wird vergehen;fashions pass Moden kommen und gehen8. euph entschlafen9. sich zutragen, sich abspielen, vor sich gehen, passieren:bring sth to pass etwas bewirken10. harsh words passed between them es fielen harte Worte zwischen ihnen oder bei ihrer Auseinandersetzung11. (for, as) gelten (für, als), gehalten werden (für), angesehen werden (für):he passes for a much younger man er wird für viel jünger gehalten;this passes for gold das soll angeblich Gold sein12. a) an-, hingehen, leidlich seinb) durchgehen, unbeanstandet bleiben, geduldet werden:let sth pass etwas durchgehen oder gelten lassen;let that pass reden wir nicht mehr davon14. angenommen werden, gelten, (als gültig) anerkannt werden15. gangbar sein, Geltung finden (Grundsätze, Ideen)16. JUR gefällt werden, ergehen (Urteil, Entscheidung)pass back to the goalkeeper (Fußball) zum Torhüter zurückspielen19. Kartenspiel: passen:(I) pass! a. fig ich passe!;I pass on that! fig da muss ich passen!C s1. a) (Gebirgs)Pass m:(narrow) pass Engpass;hold the pass fig obs sich behaupten;sell the pass fig obs abtrünnig werdenb) Durchfahrt fc) schiffbarer Kanal2. a) Ausweis m, Passier-, Erlaubnisschein m3. MIL Urlaubsschein m4. besonders Br Bestehen n (einer Prüfung):get a pass in physics seine Physikprüfung bestehen5. figa) Schritt m, Abschnitt mb) umg (schlimme) Lage:7. a) Handbewegung f (eines Zauberkünstlers)b) manueller (Zauber)Trick8. Bestreichung f, Strich m (beim Hypnotisieren etc)10. SPORT Pass m, Ab-, Zuspiel n:from a pass by auf Pass von14. TECH Durchlauf m (abgeschlossener Arbeitszyklus)* * *1.[pɑːs]noun1) (passing of an examination) bestandene Prüfung‘pass’ — (mark or grade) Ausreichend, das
2) (written permission) Ausweis, der; (for going into or out of a place also) Passierschein, der; (Mil.): (for leave) Urlaubsschein, der; (for free transportation) Freifahrschein, der; (for free admission) Freikarte, die3) (critical position) Notlage, diethings have come to a pretty pass [when...] — es muss schon weit gekommen sein[, wenn...]
make a pass to a player — [den Ball] zu einem Spieler passen (fachspr.) od. abgeben
5)make a pass at somebody — (fig. coll.): (amorously) jemanden anmachen (ugs.)
6) (in mountains) Pass, der2. intransitive verb1) (move onward) [Prozession:] ziehen; [Wasser:] fließen; [Gas:] strömen; (fig.) [Redner:] übergehen (to zu)pass further along or down the bus, please! — bitte weiter durchgehen!
pass over — (in plane) überfliegen [Ort]
let somebody pass — jemanden durchlassen od. passieren lassen
3) (be transported, lit. or fig.) kommenpass into history/oblivion — in die Geschichte eingehen/in Vergessenheit geraten
the title/property passes to somebody — der Titel/Besitz geht auf jemanden über
4) (change) wechseln5) (go by) [Fußgänger:] vorbeigehen; [Fahrer, Fahrzeug:] vorbeifahren; [Prozession:] vorbeiziehen; [Zeit, Sekunde:] vergehen; (by chance) [Person, Fahrzeug:] vorbeikommenlet somebody/a car pass — jemanden/ein Auto vorbeilassen (ugs.)
6) (be accepted as adequate) durchgehen; hingehenlet it/the matter pass — es/die Sache durch- od. hingehen lassen
7) (come to an end) vorbeigehen; [Fieber:] zurückgehen; [Ärger, Zorn, Sturm:] sich legen; [Gewitter, Unwetter:] vorüberziehen8) (happen) passieren; (between persons) vorfallen9) (be accepted) durchgehen (as als, for für)10) (satisfy examiner) bestehen11) (Cards) passen3. transitive verbpass! — [ich] passe!
1) (move past) [Fußgänger:] vorbeigehen an (+ Dat.); [Fahrer, Fahrzeug:] vorbeifahren an (+ Dat.); [Prozession:] vorbeiziehen an (+ Dat.)2) (overtake) vorbeifahren an (+ Dat.) [Fahrzeug, Person]3) (cross) überschreiten [Schwelle, feindliche Linien, Grenze, Marke]4) (reach standard in) bestehen [Prüfung]5) (approve) verabschieden [Gesetzentwurf]; annehmen [Vorschlag]; [Zensor:] freigeben [Film, Buch, Theaterstück]; bestehen lassen [Prüfungskandidaten]6) (be too great for) überschreiten, übersteigen [Auffassungsgabe, Verständnis]7) (move) bringen8) (Footb. etc.) abgeben (to an + Akk.)9) (spend) verbringen [Leben, Zeit, Tag]10) (hand)pass somebody something — jemandem etwas reichen od. geben
would you pass the salt, please? — gibst od. reichst du mir bitte das Salz?
11) (utter) fällen, verkünden [Urteil]; machen [Bemerkung]12) (discharge) lassen [Wasser]Phrasal Verbs:- pass by- pass for- pass off- pass on- pass out- pass up* * *n.(§ pl.: passes)= Arbeitsgang m.Ausweis -e m.Durchgang m.Durchlauf m.Pass ¨-e m. (US) v.verfließen (Zeit) v. (by) v.vorbeigehen (an) v. v.ablaufen v.absolvieren (Prüfung) v.passieren v. -
10 Bessemer, Sir Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 19 January 1813 Charlton (near Hitchin), Hertfordshire, Englandd. 15 January 1898 Denmark Hill, London, England[br]English inventor of the Bessemer steelmaking process.[br]The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1879. FRS 1879. Royal Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1872.Bibliography1905, Sir Henry Bessemer FRS: An Autobiography, London.LRD -
11 Laithwaite, Eric Roberts
[br]b. 14 June 1921 Atherton, Lancashire, England[br]English engineer, notable contributor to the development of linear electric motors.[br]Laithwaite's education at Kirkham Grammar School and Regent Street Polytechnic, London, was followed by service in the Royal Air Force. After entering Manchester University in 1946 and graduating in 1949, he joined the university staff and became Secretary to the Inaugural Conference of the Ferranti Mark I computer. In 1964 he moved to Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, and became Professor of Heavy Electrical Engineering. From 1967 to 1976 he also held the post of External Professor of Applied Electricity at the Royal Institution. Research into the use of linear induction motors as shuttle drives in weaving looms was followed by investigations into their application to conveyors in industrial processes and as high-speed propulsion units for railway vehicles. With considerable involvement in a tracked hovercraft project in the 1960s and 1970s, he proposed the concept of transverse flux and the magnetic river high-speed linear induction machine. Linear motors and electromagnetic levitation have been applied to high-speed propulsion in the United States, France and Japan.Laithwaite has written five books and over one hundred papers on the subjects of linear motors and electromagnetic levitation. Two series of Christmas lectures were presented by him at the Royal Institution.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society S.G.Brown Medal 1966. Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers Nikola Tesla Award 1986.Bibliography1966, Induction Machines for Special Purposes, London.1970, Propulsion Without Wheels, London (discusses properties and applications of linear induction motors).1977 (ed.), Transport Without Wheels, London (describes the design and applications of linear electric motors).1987, A History of Linear Electric Motors, London (provides a general historical survey).Further ReadingB.Bowers, 1982, A History of Electric Light and Power, London, pp. 261–4 (provides an account of early linear motors).M.Poloujadoff, 1980, The Theory of Linear Induction Motors, Oxford (for a comparison of analytical methods recommended by various investigators).GWBiographical history of technology > Laithwaite, Eric Roberts
-
12 Stephenson, George
[br]b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England[br]English engineer, "the father of railways".[br]George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.Bibliography1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).PJGR -
13 Yourkevitch, Vladimir Ivanovitch
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 17 June 1885 Moscow, Russiad. 14 December 1964 USA[br]Russian (naturalized American) naval architect who worked in Russia, Western Europe and the United States and who profoundly influenced the hull design of large ships.[br]Yourkevitch came from an academic family, but one without any experience or tradition of sea service. Despite this he decided to become a naval architect, and after secondary education at Moscow and engineering training at the St Petersburg Polytechnic, he graduated in 1909. For the following ten years he worked designing battleships and later submarines, mostly at the Baltic Shipyard in St Petersburg. Around 1910 he became a full member of the Russian Naval Constructors Corps, and in 1915 he was a founder member and first Scientific Secretary of the Society of Naval Engineers.Using the published data of the American Admiral D.W. Taylor and taking advantage of access to the Norddeutscher Lloyd Testing Tank at Bremerhaven, Yourkevitch proposed a new hull form with bulbous bow and long entrances and runs. This was the basis for the revolutionary battleships then laid down at St Petersburg, the "Borodino" class. Owing to the war these ships were launched but never completed. At the conclusion of the war Yourkevitch found himself in Constantinople, where he experienced the life of a refugee, and then he moved to Paris where he accepted almost any work on offer. Fortunately in 1928, through an introduction, he was appointed a draughtsman at the St Nazaire shipyard. Despite his relatively lowly position, he used all his personality to persuade the French company to alter the hull form of the future record breaker Normandie. The gamble paid off and Yourkevitch was able to set up his own naval architecture company, BECNY, which designed many well-known liners, including the French Pasteur.In 1939 he settled in North America, becoming a US citizen in 1945. On the night of the fire on the Normandie, he was in New York but was prevented from going close to the ship by the police, and the possibility of saving the ship was thrown away. He was involved in many projects as well as lecturing at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He maintained connections with his technical colleagues in St Petersburg in the later years of his life. His unfulfilled dream was the creation of a superliner to carry 5,000 passengers and thus able to make dramatic cuts in the cost of transatlantic travel. Yourkevitch was a fine example of a man whose vision enabled him to serve science and engineering without consideration of inter-national boundaries.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAK/FMWBiographical history of technology > Yourkevitch, Vladimir Ivanovitch
-
14 pass
1. verb1) (to move towards and then beyond (something, by going past, through, by, over etc): I pass the shops on my way to work; The procession passed along the corridor.) gå/kjøre forbi, passere2) (to move, give etc from one person, state etc to another: They passed the photographs around; The tradition is passed (on/down) from father to son.) sende rundt/videre; gå i arv3) (to go or be beyond: This passes my understanding.) gå over ens forstand, overstige4) ((of vehicles etc on a road) to overtake: The sports car passed me at a dangerous bend in the road.) kjøre forbi5) (to spend (time): They passed several weeks in the country.) tilbringe6) ((of an official group, government etc) to accept or approve: The government has passed a resolution.) godkjenne, vedta7) (to give or announce (a judgement or sentence): The magistrate passed judgement on the prisoner.) forkynne, avgi kjennelse8) (to end or go away: His sickness soon passed.) gå over9) (to (judge to) be successful in (an examination etc): I passed my driving test.) bestå2. noun1) (a narrow path between mountains: a mountain pass.) fjellovergang, skar2) (a ticket or card allowing a person to do something, eg to travel free or to get in to a building: You must show your pass before entering.) adgangstegn/-kort; fribillett3) (a successful result in an examination, especially when below a distinction, honours etc: There were ten passes and no fails.) bestått (karakter)4) ((in ball games) a throw, kick, hit etc of the ball from one player to another: The centre-forward made a pass towards the goal.) pasning•- passable- passing
- passer-by
- password
- in passing
- let something pass
- let pass
- pass as/for
- pass away
- pass the buck
- pass by
- pass off
- pass something or someone off as
- pass off as
- pass on
- pass out
- pass over
- pass uppassereIsubst. \/pɑːs\/1) (fjell)pass, fjellovergang, skar2) ( luftfart) overflyging3) (trang) passasje, (fremkommelig) vei, gjennomgang4) passering, gjennomkjøring, krysning, tilnærmelse5) ( om eksamen) (vitnesbyrd om) bestått eksamen, det å bestå en eksamen6) adgangskort, adgangstegn, passerseddel, leidebrev7) ( militærvesen) passerseddel, permisjonsseddel8) ( fekting e.l.) utfall, støt9) krise, kritisk punkt, kritisk situasjon, vendepunkt10) (overført, hverdagslig) tilnærmelse12) ( om seiling) led, løp15) ( gammeldags) stredeat the last pass når det kommer til stykket, i siste instansbe at a pretty pass være ille ute, sitte fint i detdet står virkelig ille til\/nå sitter vi nydelig i detcome to a pretty pass toppe seg, bli kritiskcome to pass ( noe gammeldags) skje, tildra seg, hendecomplete pass (amer., fotball) godkjent pasningfree pass fribilletthold the pass holde skansen, forsvare sin sakmake a pass at gjøre et utfall mot, lange ut etter gjøre tilnærmelser til, gjøre kur til, flørte med bli nærgående motmesmeric passes ( magi e.l.) magnetiske strykningersell the pass ( overført) forråde saken oppgi stillingenIIverb \/pɑːs\/1) passere, gå forbi (hverandre), komme forbi, komme gjennom, komme over, kjøre forbi, reise gjennom2) gå forbi, kjøre forbi, komme forbi, reise forbi• please, let me pass!vær så snill å la meg komme forbi!\/kan jeg få komme forbi?3) la passere, slippe gjennom, la komme forbi, tre (igjennom)4) ( om tid e.l.) gå, svinne, dø ut5) ( om tid) tilbringe, fordrive• what can we do to pass the time?6) forandre(s), forandre seg, forvandle(s), gå over (til), bli tilnår vann koker, går det over til damp7) la gå rundt, gi, rekke, sende• pass (me) the salt, please!8) ( om eiendom e.l.) gå i arv, gå videre, gå over9) (ut)veksle13) passere, gå upåaktet hen, godta14) gå, (la) gjelde, være gangbar, passere15) finne sted, foregå, hende, skje• did you see what was passing?så du hva som skjedde?\/så du hva som foregikk16) gjennomgå, gjennomleve17) ( om eksamen e.l.) bestå, la stå, godkjenne, godtade bestod eksamen\/de klarte eksamen• will the play pass the censors?18) ( om falske penger e.l.) sette i omløp, (la) sirkulere, (forsøke å) brukede forsøkte seg med en sjekk uten dekning\/de prøvde å heve en ugyldig sjekk19) (parlamentarisk, om lov) vedta(s), bli vedtatt, bli godkjent, gå gjennom23) la defilere forbi, la passere forbi, la marsjere forbihun kjørte kjøttet gjennom kvernen\/hun malte kjøttet25) ( gammeldags) overtreffebe passed for active service bli kjent stridsdyktig, bestå kravene for militærtjenestelet pass la passere, la gå upåaktet hen se gjennom fingrene med• we'll let that pass, butdet får så være, men\/la gå, menpass along ( på buss e.l.) fortsette videre, gå fremover, la gå videre, sende videre• pass along!pass an oath se ➢ oathpass an ordeal se ➢ ordealpass a remark se ➢ remark, 1pass as\/for somebody\/something utgi seg for noen\/noe, (la) gå, gjelde, (la) passeregå for, bli regnet for, bli tatt forhan vil lett kunne gå for å være norsk \/ folk tar ham lett for å være norskpass away svinne bort, svinne hen, forsvinne sovne inn, vandre, dø reise bort, dra bort (om smerte, vrede e.l.) drive over, gå over ( om tid) fordrive, la gå opp i røyk, skusle bortpass by gå underpass down bringe videre, la gå i arv, føre videre, overleverepass hence gå bort, døpass in review se ➢ review, 1pass into komme inn på, få plass påpass off gå over, forsvinne, gi segforløpe, gåavverge, parere, reddepass on gå videre, fortsettegi, sende viderepass on to overlate tilpass (up)on a case se ➢ casepass over (la) gli over, føre overgå over, opphøreforbigå, ikke ense, la gå upåaktet henhoppe over, se bort fra, ignorere( overført) forbigå (ved forfremmelse)rekke, sende, gi viderevær så snill å rekke meg saltet\/kan du være så snill å rekke meg saltet?pass over to tilfallepass round sende rundt, la gå rundtpass something by in silence la noe bli forbigått i stillhetpass something off on somebody prakke noe på noenpass the buck se ➢ buck, 1pass the time of day (with) se ➢ time, 1pass through gå gjennom, passere gjennom, reise gjennom (overført, om utdannelse) gå gjennom, ta eksamen ved, passere( overført) gjennomgå, gå gjennom, opplevepass to tilfalleeiendommen gikk over på andre hender\/eiendommen fikk nye eierepass under gå under (et navn\/en identitet)pass unnoticed gå upåaktet henpass up ( hverdagslig) avslå, si nei takk tilgå glipp av -
15 do
[du:] 1. 3rd person singular present tense - does; verb1) (used with a more important verb in questions and negative statements: Do you smoke?)2) (used with a more important verb for emphasis; ; [ðo sit down])3) (used to avoid repeating a verb which comes immediately before: I thought she wouldn't come, but she did.)4) (used with a more important verb after seldom, rarely and little: Little did he know what was in store for him.)5) (to carry out or perform: What shall I do?; That was a terrible thing to do.) narediti6) (to manage to finish or complete: When you've done that, you can start on this; We did a hundred kilometres in an hour.) končati; narediti7) (to perform an activity concerning something: to do the washing; to do the garden / the windows.) narediti8) (to be enough or suitable for a purpose: Will this piece of fish do two of us?; That'll do nicely; Do you want me to look for a blue one or will a pink one do?; Will next Saturday do for our next meeting?) zadostovati; ustrezati9) (to work at or study: She's doing sums; He's at university doing science.) ukvarjati se10) (to manage or prosper: How's your wife doing?; My son is doing well at school.) uspevati11) (to put in order or arrange: She's doing her hair.) urejati12) (to act or behave: Why don't you do as we do?) delati, početi13) (to give or show: The whole town gathered to do him honour.) izkazati14) (to cause: What damage did the storm do?; It won't do him any harm.) povzročiti15) (to see everything and visit everything in: They tried to do London in four days.) ogledati si2. noun(an affair or a festivity, especially a party: The school is having a do for Christmas.) proslava- doer- doings
- done
- do-it-yourself
- to-do
- I
- he could be doing with / could do with
- do away with
- do for
- done for
- done in
- do out
- do out of
- do's and don'ts
- do without
- to do with
- what are you doing with* * *I [du:]1.transitive verbnapraviti, storiti, početi, delati, (iz)vršiti, narediti; končati, urediti, prirediti; pospraviti; uspe(va)ti; zadostovati; (s)kuhati, (s)peči; popiti; povzročiti; trgovati; slang varati; theatre igrati; prehoditi; ogled(ov)ati si; prevesti; familiarly pogostiti; odsedeti (kazen);2.intransitive verbdelati, ravnati; postopati; ukvarjati se; počutiti se; zadovoljiti; uspevati, napredovatito do s.o.'s bidding — izpolniti ukaz kogaI have done my best — potrudil sem se, kar se dato do good — prijati, dobro (komu) storitito do a guy — popihati jo, zbežatito do s.o. an ill turn — zagosti jo komuto do s.o. injustice — storiti komu krivicoto do justice — odkrito priznati; colloquially s slastjo pojestihow do you do — dober dan, pozdravljenito make do — prebijati se, shajati s svojimi sredstvicolloquially nothing doing — s tem ne bo ničto do s.th. on the Q. T. — delati kaj na skrivajto do sums — reševati (računske) naloge, delati računecolloquially to do the talking — imeti glavno besedoslang to do time — sedeti v ječito do s.o. a good turn — narediti komu uslugoto do o.s. well — privoščiti sito do well — dobro igrati; imeti uspeh, dobro se počutitiwell-to-do — premožen, bogatdo well and have well — kdor si dobro postelje, dobro spithat won't do — to ne gre, to ni dovoljone must do at Rome as the Romans do — kdor se z volkovi druži, mora z njimi tulitiwhat can I do for you? — s čim vam lahko postrežem?II [du:]nounslang sleparstvo; zabava, družbaIII [dou]nounmusic do, nota C -
16 bury
1. IIIbury smb., smth, bury a (dead person (one's uncle, etc.) похоронить покойника и т. д., she has buried all her children (all her relatives, etc.) она потеряла /схоронила/ всех своих детей и т. д.; she has buried five husbands она пережила пятерых мужей; bury one's differences позабыть разногласия2. IVbury smb. in same manner bury one's parents solemnly (ceremoniously, quietly, shabbily, etc.) торжественно и т. д. похоронить родителей3. VIbury smb. in some state bury the man alive похоронить человека заживо4. XI1) be buried he is dead and buried он уже давно лежит в сырой земле; the whole thing is dead and buried все это давно быльем поросло /предано забвению/; be buried in some manner the victim of accident was buried without identification жертву несчастного случая похоронили без установления личности; be buried in (under, etc.) smth. he was buried in his home town он был похоронен в родном городе; he was buried in an avalanche (under /in/ the ruins, under the landslide, beneath the debris, etc.) он был погребен под снежной лавиной и т. д., the house was buried under the snow дом занесло снегом; my passport was buried under the other papers мой паспорт лежал под другими бумагами; we found a poem of his buried in an obscure periodical нам удалось раскопать одно из его стихотворений, затерявшееся в малоизвестном журнале; he is buried in oblivion память о нем канула в лету || be buried alive быть заживо погребенным2) be buried in smth. be buried in the memories of the past (in thought, in grief, etc.) быть погружённым /уйти/ в воспоминания о прошлом и т. д., be buried in business (in studies, in one's books, etc.) с головой уйти /погрузиться/ в дела и т. д.; the town is already buried in sleep город уже погрузился в сон5. XVIIIbury oneself in smith.1)bury oneself in the country похоронить себя в деревне /в глуши/; you mustn't bury yourself in your room ты не должен сидеть безвылазно а своей комнате2)bury oneself In one's books (in one's studies, in one's work, etc.) погрузиться /уйти с головой/ в книги и т. д.6. XXI11) bury smb. in /at/ smth. bury the hero in his native earth (in consecrated ground, at sea,. etc.) похоронить героя на родине /в родной земле/ и т. д.; bury smb. with smth. bury the defenders of the town with the traditional funeral rites похоронить защитников города по традиционному похоронному обряду; they buried him with all due honours его тело было предано земле со всеми почестями2) bury smth. in (under) smth. bury a bone in the ground (ammunition under some stones, a bottle under snow, toys in the leaves, the spade in the ruins. etc.) закачивать /прятать/ кость в землю и т. д.; we decided to bury the box in the ground мы решили закопать этот ящик в землю3) bury smth. in (on) smth. bury one's face (one's head, etc.) in one's hands закрыть лицо и т. д. руками; bury one's face oil smb.'s breast спрятать лицо у кого-л. на /на чьей-л./ груди; the child buried his face in her lap ребенок уткнулся лицом ей в колени: bury one's hands in one's pocket засунуть руки глубоко в карманы; he buried his head in the sand он зарылся головой в песок -
17 Armstrong, Edwin Howard
[br]b. 18 December 1890 New York City, New York, USAd. 31 January 1954 New York City, New York, USA[br]American engineer who invented the regenerative and superheterodyne amplifiers and frequency modulation, all major contributions to radio communication and broadcasting.[br]Interested from childhood in anything mechanical, as a teenager Armstrong constructed a variety of wireless equipment in the attic of his parents' home, including spark-gap transmitters and receivers with iron-filing "coherer" detectors capable of producing weak Morse-code signals. In 1912, while still a student of engineering at Columbia University, he applied positive, i.e. regenerative, feedback to a Lee De Forest triode amplifier to just below the point of oscillation and obtained a gain of some 1,000 times, giving a receiver sensitivity very much greater than hitherto possible. Furthermore, by allowing the circuit to go into full oscillation he found he could generate stable continuous-waves, making possible the first reliable CW radio transmitter. Sadly, his claim to priority with this invention, for which he filed US patents in 1913, the year he graduated from Columbia, led to many years of litigation with De Forest, to whom the US Supreme Court finally, but unjustly, awarded the patent in 1934. The engineering world clearly did not agree with this decision, for the Institution of Radio Engineers did not revoke its previous award of a gold medal and he subsequently received the highest US scientific award, the Franklin Medal, for this discovery.During the First World War, after some time as an instructor at Columbia University, he joined the US Signal Corps laboratories in Paris, where in 1918 he invented the superheterodyne, a major contribution to radio-receiver design and for which he filed a patent in 1920. The principle of this circuit, which underlies virtually all modern radio, TV and radar reception, is that by using a local oscillator to convert, or "heterodyne", a wanted signal to a lower, fixed, "intermediate" frequency it is possible to obtain high amplification and selectivity without the need to "track" the tuning of numerous variable circuits.Returning to Columbia after the war and eventually becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering, he made a fortune from the sale of his patent rights and used part of his wealth to fund his own research into further problems in radio communication, particularly that of receiver noise. In 1933 he filed four patents covering the use of wide-band frequency modulation (FM) to achieve low-noise, high-fidelity sound broadcasting, but unable to interest RCA he eventually built a complete broadcast transmitter at his own expense in 1939 to prove the advantages of his system. Unfortunately, there followed another long battle to protect and exploit his patents, and exhausted and virtually ruined he took his own life in 1954, just as the use of FM became an established technique.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitution of Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1917. Franklin Medal 1937. IERE Edison Medal 1942. American Medal for Merit 1947.Bibliography1922, "Some recent developments in regenerative circuits", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10:244.1924, "The superheterodyne. Its origin, developments and some recent improvements", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 12:549.1936, "A method of reducing disturbances in radio signalling by a system of frequency modulation", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 24:689.Further ReadingL.Lessing, 1956, Man of High-Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong, pbk 1969 (the only definitive biography).W.R.Maclaurin and R.J.Harman, 1949, Invention \& Innovation in the Radio Industry.J.R.Whitehead, 1950, Super-regenerative Receivers.A.N.Goldsmith, 1948, Frequency Modulation (for the background to the development of frequency modulation, in the form of a large collection of papers and an extensive bibliog raphy).KFBiographical history of technology > Armstrong, Edwin Howard
-
18 Aubert, Jean
[br]b. 7 February 1894 Paris, Franced. 25 November 1984 Paris, France[br]French civil engineer.[br]Aubert was educated at the Lycée Louis-leGrand in Paris, and entered the Ecole Polytechnique in 1913. His studies were interrupted by the First World War, when he served as an artillery officer, being wounded twice and awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1916. He returned to the Ecole Polytechnique in 1919, and from 1920 to 1922 he attended the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées; he graduated as Bachelor of Law from the University of Paris.In 1922 he began his long career, devoted principally to river and canal works. He was engineer in charge of the navigation works in Paris until 1932; he was then appointed Professor in the Chair of Internal Navigation at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussées, a post he held until his retirement in 1961. From 1933 to 1945 he was general manager and later chairman of the Compagnie Nationale du Rhône; from 1945 to 1953, chairman of the electricity board of the Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer français; and from 1949 to 1967, chairman of the Rhine Navigation Company. Following his retirement, he was chairman of the Société des Constructions des Batignolles, and from 1966 consulting engineer and honorary chairman of SPIE Batignolles; he was also chairman of several other companies.In 1919 he published La Probabilité dans les tires de guerre, for which he was awarded the Pierson-Perrim prize by the Académie des Sciences in 1922. During his career he wrote numerous articles and papers on technical and economic subjects, his last, entitled "Philosophic de la pente d'eau", appearing in the journal Travaux in 1984 when he was ninety years old.Aubert's principal works included the construction of the Pont Edouard-Herriort on the Rhône at Lyon; the design and construction of the Génissiat and Lonzères-Mondragon dams on the Rhône; and the conception and design of the Denouval dam on the Seine near Andresy, completed in 1980. He was awarded the Caméré prize in 1934 by the Académie des Sciences for a new type of movable dam. Overseas governments and the United Nations consulted him on river navigation inter alia in Brazil, on the Mahanadi river in India, on the Konkomé river in Guinea, on the Vistula river in Poland, on the Paraguay river in South America and others.In 1961 he published his revolutionary ideas on the pente d'eau, or "water slope", which was designed to eliminate delays and loss of water in transferring barges from one level to another, without the use of locks. This design consisted of a sloping flume or channel through which a wedge of water, in which the barge was floating, was pushed by a powered unit. A prototype at Mon tech on the Canal Latéral at La Garonne, bypassing five locks, was opened in 1973. A second was opened in 1984 on the Canal du Midi at Fonserannes, near Béziers.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCroix de Guerre 1916. Académie des Sciences: Prix Pierson-Perrim 1922, Prix Caméré 1934. Ingénieur Général des Ponts et Chaussées 1951. Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur 1960.Further ReadingDavid Tew, 1984, Canal Inclines and Lifts, Gloucester: Alan Sutton.JHB -
19 Bailey, Sir Donald Coleman
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 15 September 1901 Rotherham, Yorkshire, Englandd. 5 May 1985 Bournemouth, Dorset, England[br]English engineer, designer of the Bailey bridge.[br]Bailey was educated at the Leys School, Cambridge, before going to Sheffield University where he studied for a degree in engineering. He joined the Civil Service in 1928 and was posted to the staff of the Experimental Bridging Establishment of the Ministry of Supply at Christchurch, Hampshire. There he continued his boyhood hobby of making model bridges of wood and string. He evolved a design for a prefabricated metal bridge assembled from welded panels linked by pinned joints; this became known as the Bailey bridge. Its design was accepted by the War Office in 1941 and from then on it was used throughout the subsequent conflict of the Second World War. It was a great improvement on its predecessor, the Inglis bridge, designed by a Cambridge University professor of engineering, Charles Inglis, with tubular members that were 10 or 12 ft (3.66 m) long; this bridge was notoriously difficult to construct, particularly in adverse weather conditions, whereas the Bailey bridge's panels and joints were far more manageable and easy to assemble. The simple and standardized component parts of the Bailey bridge made it highly adaptable: it could be strengthened by increasing the number of truss girders, and wide rivers could be crossed by a series of Bailey bridges connected by pontoons. Field Marshal Montgomery is recorded as saying that without the Bailey bridge we should not have won the war'.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1946.Further ReadingObituary, 1985, The Guardian 6 May.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Bailey, Sir Donald Coleman
-
20 Blériot, Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 1 July 1872 Cambrai, Franced. 2 August 1936 Paris, France[br]French aircraft manufacturer and pilot who in 1909 made the first flight across the English Channel in an aeroplane.[br]Having made a fortune with his patented automobile lamp, Blériot started experimenting with model aircraft in about 1900. He tried a flapping-wing layout which, surprisingly, did fly, but a full-size version was a failure. Blériot tried out a wide variety of designs: a biplane float-glider built with Gabriel Voisin; a powered float-plane with ellipsoidal biplane wings; a canard (tail-first) monoplane; a tandem monoplane; and in 1907 a monoplane of conventional layout. This last was not an immediate success, but it led to the Type XI in which Blériot made history by flying from France to England on 25 July 1909.Without a doubt, Blériot was an accomplished pilot and a successful manufacturer of aircraft, but he sometimes employed others as designers (a fact not made known at the time). It is now accepted that much of the credit for the design of the Type XI should go to Raymond Saulnier, who later made his name with the Morane-Saulnier Company.Blériot-Aéronautique became one of the leading manufacturers of aircraft and by the outbreak of war in 1914 some eight hundred aircraft had been produced. By 1918, aircraft were being built at the rate of eighteen per day. The Blériot company continued to produce aircraft until it was nationalized in 1937.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCommandeur de la Légion d'honneur. Daily Mail £1,000 prize for the first cross-Channel aeroplane flight.Further ReadingC.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (contains a list of all Blériot's early aircraft).J.Stroud, 1966, European Transport Aircraft since 1920, London (for information about Blériot's later aircraft).For information relating to the cross-Channel flight, see: C.Fontaine, 1913, Comment Blériota traversé la, Manche, Paris.T.D.Crouch, 1982, Blériot XI, the Story of a Classic Aircraft, Washington, DC: National Air \& Space Museum.JDS
См. также в других словарях:
Juventus F.C. honours — Honours related to Juventus Football Club.Juventus is the most successful club cite web | url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=107733.html#juventus+building+bridges+serie+b | title=Juventus building bridges in Serie B |… … Wikipedia
Cash for Honours — (also Cash for Peerages, Loans for Honours or Loans for Peerages) is the name given by some in the media to a political scandal in the United Kingdom in 2006 and 2007 concerning the connection between political donations and the award of life… … Wikipedia
Doing the Honours — Episode no. Series 2 Episode 2 Written by Antony Jay Jonathan Lynn Produced by Peter Whitmore … Wikipedia
List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown — King Juan Carlos I is a direct descendant of many famous European rulers from different countries, such as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (who as Carlos I is said to have been the first King of Spain), King Louis XIV of France and Queen Victoria of … Wikipedia
line honours — /ˈlaɪn ɒnəz/ (say luyn onuhz) plural noun credit won by a competitor for crossing the finishing line ahead of the others in the race, determined without reference to handicaps, etc. Also, line honors …
Academic degree — An academic degree is a position and title within a college or university that is usually awarded in recognition of the recipient having either satisfactorily completed a prescribed course of study or having conducted a scholarly endeavour deemed … Wikipedia
British undergraduate degree classification — The British undergraduate degree classification system is a grading scheme for undergraduate degrees (bachelor s degrees and integrated master s degrees) in the United Kingdom. The system has been applied (sometimes with significant variations)… … Wikipedia
University of Cambridge — University of Cambridge † Catholic Encyclopedia ► University of Cambridge I. ORIGIN AND HISTORY The obscurity which surrounds the ancient history of Cambridge makes it impossible to fix with any certainty the date of the… … Catholic encyclopedia
British degree abbreviations — Degree abbreviations are used as an alternative way to specify an academic degree instead of spelling out the title in full, such as in reference books like Who s Who and on business cards. Many degrees have more than one abbreviation. Overview… … Wikipedia
Open University — is also the name of other institutions. See Distance education or the Open Universities category for a list. The Open University Motto Learn and Live Established … Wikipedia
Academic dress of universities in Queensland, Australia — There are a number of universities in Queensland, Australia, all with distinct academic dress.University of QueenslandThe University of Queensland generally follows the Cambridge pattern for its Academic regalia, in terms of the pattern of its… … Wikipedia